화성성역의궤로 본 화성 축성 기술 편집하기 (부분)

===Eng===
The <i>Hwaseong seongyeok uigwe</i> (Royal Protocol of the Construction of Hwaseong Fortress) is an official document that systematically records the entire construction process of Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, carried out between 1794 and 1796. Consisting of ten volumes, it offers comprehensive information on all aspects of the project, including workforce, materials, tools, construction methods, accounting, and ceremonial procedures. The protocol also includes detailed architectural drawings—such as floor plans, elevations, and cross-sections—which together provide insight into the advanced construction techniques, administrative systems, and scientific knowledge of the late period of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910).

Commissioned by King Jeongjo (r. 1776-1800) and compiled under the direction of the official Kim Jong-su, the manuscript was completed in 1796 and printed in 1801. It meticulously documents the names of artisans and laborers, the quantities and costs of materials and equipment, and a step-by-step account of the construction process. As such, it is not merely a technical manual but a rich historical source that reflects the Joseon dynasty’s high level of technological and administrative sophistication in the late 18th century.

One of the most notable features of the protocol is its description of a pulley-based lifting device known as geojunggi, invented by the scholar Jeong Yak-yong (1762-1836). This device, which used ropes and pulleys to raise large stones, marked a significant improvement over traditional labor-intensive methods. Its use reduced the need for manual labor and shortened the construction period. The protocol includes detailed illustrations and explanations of the device’s structure and operation.

It also records the use of wooden carts, or dongcha, which played a key role in transporting materials. A total of 192 carts were employed, with carts used on flat ground and the pulley device on slopes, forming an efficient logistics system. The document even calculates the quantity and size of materials, distances transported, and time required—an approach that closely resembles modern construction management.

The protocol provides equally detailed information on the architectural elements of the fortress. It describes the location, structure, and building techniques for major gates—including Janganmun, Paldalmun, Hwaseomun, and Changnyongmun—as well as defensive features such as watchtowers, artillery pavilions, secret entrances, and watergates. These plans and records served as vital references for the restoration of Hwaseong Fortress in the 20th century, especially during the large-scale project that began in 1975.

Beyond its architectural and technical value, the protocol offers a unique window into the administrative and financial systems of the time. It lists the ranks, roles, and compensation of those involved in the project, along with details of budget execution. It also records the official procedures and ceremonial rites held before and after construction, underscoring the political and symbolic importance of the fortress.

This protocol is widely recognized as a key historical source in Korean architecture and East Asian construction history. Today, it continues to inform digital reconstructions and educational programs, and it stands as a testament to the practical learning (Silhak) and reformist ideals promoted during the reign of King Jeongjo. UNESCO has acknowledged the existence of such detailed documentation as one of the key reasons for the inscription of Hwaseong Fortress on the World Heritage List.